In traditional Chinese medicine, people use turkey tail extract (Yun zhi) as a treatment for respiratory conditions. She is involved with integrative oncology outcome studies, including the Canadian/US Integrative Oncology Study . People living with other cancers may benefit from turkey tail mushrooms, too. Chilton J: A new analytical fingerprinting system for quality control of medicinal mushroom products. Coriolus versicolor: A medicinal mushroom with promising immunotherapeutic values. All rights reserved. Novel device smaller than rice successfully shrinks pancreatic cancer | Called the nanofluidic drug-eluting seed (NDES), it delivers low-dose immunotherapy in the . Shang D, Li Y, Wang C, et al. In Japan, PSK is an approved mushroom product used to treat cancer. Harnessing a mushroom's toxin to kill cancer | MD Anderson Cancer Center Another study looked at natural supplements that doctors recommend in conjunction with chemotherapy. These results suggest that MAK may suppress the development of premalignant colorectal adenomas. A 2015 review of 11 clinical trials and an additional 17 preclinical studies found that using PSK from the Trametes versicolor mushrooms helped lung cancer patients who underwent radiation treatment live longer. J Immunol 163 (6): 3045-52, 1999. Request an appointment at MD Anderson online or by calling 1-877-632-6789. The scientific name of turkey tail is Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd, although it has been known by other names, notably Coriolus versicolor (L. ex Fr.) Its easy to feel like oncologists will just say, No, this wont work, but many are interested and ready to research mushrooms further.. The Top 8 Cancer Fighting Mushrooms | TheHealthBeat Some people like to chop dried turkey tail mushrooms and steep them to make tea, while others use them in cooking. [43] It is postulated that cancer cells release immunosuppressive mediators such as PGE2, TGF-beta, IL-10, and VEGF to inhibit the immune response and escape from immune surveillance. They're often used in Asian countries, not only in cancer care, but also to treat infections and other diseases.. Some G. lucidum triterpenes have been found to inhibit cancer cell line growth, although many of the major triterpenes are relatively weak inhibitors or inactive. Phytother Res 29 (11): 1744-52, 2015. I believe they have extracts as well as capsules, and they are very knowledgeable. Stamets spoke about powerful medical uses for mushrooms and their extracts, from anti-tuberculosis effects (Agarikon) to Cordyceps, a treasure trove of potential medicines, such as cyclosporine, which prevents organ . The authors of the review conclude that people who take PSK may have improved survival rates, and they recommend combining PSK with chemotherapy. [10] Beta-glucans are known to bind to the complement receptor CR3. The information in these summaries should not be used as a basis for insurance reimbursement determinations. In traditional Chinese medicine, the fungi are collectively known as Ling Zhi; in Japan, they are known as Reishi. The summary reflects an independent review of the literature and does not represent a policy statement of NCI or the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Cochrane Database Syst Rev 6: CD007731, 2012. : DNA barcoding for identification of consumer-relevant mushrooms: A partial solution for product certification? Phase 1 clinical trial of Trametes versicolor in women with breast cancer. Hennicke F, Cheikh-Ali Z, Liebisch T, et al. : A water-soluble extract from culture medium of Ganoderma lucidum mycelia suppresses the development of colorectal adenomas. Conclusion In conclusion, the chaga mushroom is a powerful natural remedy that has shown promise in cytotoxic cells' ability to kill cancer skills, including pancreatic cancer. Molecules 19 (11): 17478-535, 2014. If you have questions about MD Andersons appointment process, our information page may be the best place to start. They then took 3, 6, or 9 grams of turkey tail extract in divided doses each day for 6 weeks. Raja HA, Baker TR, Little JG, et al. One study showed that when people took mushrooms, they were able to tolerate more rounds chemotherapy treatment, probably because they have fewer side effects, and thereby it might have indirectly improved their survival, says Narayanan. To qualify for a level of evidence analysis, a study must: Separate levels of evidence scores are assigned to qualifying human studies on the basis of statistical strength of the study design and scientific strength of the treatment outcomes (i.e., endpoints) measured. : Fate and distribution of an antitumor protein-bound polysaccharide PSK (Krestin). The most common ones include Ganoderma lucidum (reishi) Trametes versicolor Coriolus versicolor (turkey tail) Lentinus edodes (shiitake) Grifola frondosa (maitake) Research has been conducted to determine the antitumor activity of mushrooms and mushroom extracts. The typical high quality turkey tail mushroom supplements, like those found on our turkey tail supplements page, have a standard dose of 1 gram per capsule . For an explanation of the scores and additional information about levels of evidence analysis of integrative, alternative, and complementary therapies for cancer, see Levels of Evidence for Human Studies of Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies. Last year, the FDA approved a $5.4 million Turkey Tail trial for cancer patients starting with approval for studying the use of a Turkey Tail extract in combination with chemotherapy for patients with advanced prostate cancer. Research suggests that these colorful mushrooms may indeed have important anticancer properties. The summary reflects an independent review of The researchers looked at studies of five types of mushroom, including turkey tail, as complementary cancer treatments. A fraction of the dose appears to be orally absorbed, more or less intact, and is excreted in bile over several hours. Japanese investigators studied a water-soluble extract from a cultured medium of G. lucidum mycelia (MAK) in patients with colorectal adenomas. Mol Med Rep 12 (5): 7629-36, 2015. In the subset of 364 patients with G/L ratios above 2.0, 5-year survival rates were 68.7% in the PSK group and 55.4% in the control group (P = .007). PSP and PSK appear to inhibit the growth of cancer cells. Recently, a number of bioactive molecules, including anti-tumor agents, have been identified from various mushrooms (Fig. The mushroom is also named Turkey Tail due to the appearance resembling; you guessed it - a turkey tail . And some evidence suggests that turkey tail mushrooms may have anticancer properties. evidence) associated with each type of treatment is provided whenever Her current research focuses on the use of the medicinal mushroom turkey tail (Trametes versicolor) for the treatment of breast and prostate cancer and the use of functional brain imaging to assess the treatment of brain cancer. Learn about our graduate medical education residency and fellowship opportunities. There were no differences between groups in 5-year RFS rates (52.7% in the PSK group and 52.7% in the control group) or 5-year OS rates (57.1% in the PSK group and 58.3% in the control group). Her younger sister found supplements that she believes helped her body heal, including high dose CBD oil, Frankincense oil, turkey tail mushroom and a Chinese remedy called "bitter melon," among others. People should not consume turkey tail mushrooms in the wild. It was also revered in Japanese culture. urinary tract infections. Mushrooms can strengthen the immune system Questions can also be submitted to Cancer.gov through the websites Email Us. Celebrating 10 Years of Bastyr University San Diego. In one very small study, nine participants with stage 1, 2, or 3 breast cancer underwent standard chemotherapy and radiation treatments. Research suggests that these colorful mushrooms may indeed have important anticancer properties. Oncotarget 8 (6): 10071-10084, 2017. The G. lucidum polysaccharides were isolated from a boiling water extract of G. lucidum fruit bodies by ethanol precipitation. PSK can be taken as a tea or in capsule form. Analytical studies have examined the relative amounts of the different triterpenes in fruiting bodies, as well as in mycelial preparations. 2023 Healthline Media UK Ltd, Brighton, UK. These reference citations are included for informational purposes only. Researchers have yet to identify any severe side effects associated with turkey tail. People with well-controlled metastatic cancer can. Some evidence suggests that PSP may also have the ability to stimulate the immune system, especially when combined with other anticancer treatments. [29] Triterpenoids also inhibit adhesion and migration of malignant cells. The message for patients is not to feel alone in this, and not to make a hasty decision, says Narayanan. Its also important to keep in mind that the FDA doesnt regulate dietary supplements in the same way that it regulates conventional medicines. It was proposed as add-on immunotherapy therapy that youd take after primary breast cancer treatment, like surgery or chemotherapy. (2020). You can add a little turkey tail mushroom powder to a smoothie or make a broth with it. The study found that PBG may help balance certain bacteria in the gut, which can help prevent obesity. PSP from turkey tail extract may inhibit colon cancer cell growth, according to some research. CD69 expression on mononuclear lymphocytes after phytohemagglutinin stimulation was inhibited markedly compared with controls (P = .05) after a 24-hour incubation with lung cancer patient plasma. After skin cancer, breast cancer is the most common cancer in women in the U.S., according to the ACS. In fact, a 2019 study found that a fermented substrate of the turkey tail mushroom seemed to have unique beneficial components compared with other parts of the mushroom. high cholesterol. Board members will not respond to individual inquiries. Oncol Rep 25 (4): 905-13, 2011. Phytochemistry 114: 66-101, 2015. Adding TurkeyTail (or other Mushrooms - Advanced Prostate Int J Oncol 46 (5): 2029-38, 2015. Biotechnol Adv 21 (2): 109-22, 2003. It is intended as a resource to inform and assist clinicians in the care of their patients. This was laboratory-based research, however. Information about using the illustrations in this summary, along with many other cancer-related images, is available in Visuals Online, a collection of over 2,000 scientific images. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4517545/. (groups were stratified by G/L ratio of <2 vs. >2), Overall 5-y survival: all patients, 67.9% (PSK) versus 61.8% (control) (, Improved survival in the treatment group was clinically significant, Survival was improved significantly in treatment group, UFT 300 mg/d starting 2 wk after surgery and continuing for 1 y or until diagnosis of tumor recurrence. CBD and cancer cell death (apoptosis) Where turkey tail was pretty straightforward (NK cells and CD8), CBD comes at it from so many different angles. This includes the full genome sequence of G. [44] After being diagnosed with colorectal adenomas on colonoscopy, 123 patients were enrolled in the MAK treatment group, and 102 no-treatment controls were randomly selected from the departments patients. : Protection against lung cancer patient plasma-induced lymphocyte suppression by Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides. Over the centuries, people in Asia have turned to more than 100 different kinds of mushrooms in an effort to thwart cancer. Sadahiro S, Suzuki T, Maeda Y, et al. If you are ready to make an appointment, select a button on the right. : Protein-bound polysaccharide K partially prevents apoptosis of circulating T cells induced by anti-cancer drug S-1 in patients with gastric cancer. Recent developments in mushrooms as anti-cancer therapeutics: a review Mushrooms have been linked to improvements in several common quality of life indicators for cancer patients. ISRN Oncol 2012: 251632, 2012. Some studies show mushrooms boost parts of the immune system that are linked to cancer. However, an author would be permitted to write a sentence such as NCIs PDQ cancer information summary about breast cancer prevention states the risks succinctly: [include excerpt from the summary].. But it may be that the lowering of inflammation is what is reducing levels of fatigue.. It does not provide formal guidelines or recommendations for making health care decisions. [26] Combining the data from all three trials, the researchers found that the estimated odds ratio (OR) for the following: Thirty-one reports of 28 studies were included in a systematic review of PSK in lung cancer:[16]. : Metabolite identification of crude extract from Ganoderma lucidum in rats using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Learn more about beta glucan supplements, their benefits and risks. But its important to remember that turkey tail mushrooms are not for everyone, especially if youre allergic. : Effects of water-soluble Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on the immune functions of patients with advanced lung cancer. J Nat Med 69 (2): 198-208, 2015. Toge T, Yamaguchi Y: Protein-bound polysaccharide increases survival in resected gastric cancer cases stratified with a preoperative granulocyte and lymphocyte count. Hsieh TC, et al. (2012). It can also be consumed in powder form or even made into capsules. It contains polysaccharide peptide (PSP) and polysaccharide krestin (PSK), which are used as medicine. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 24 (1): 35-40, 2009. The Benefits of Turkey Tail Mushroom in Cancer Treatment Another retrospective analysis of nonrandomized data evaluated 254 patients with gastric carcinoma undergoing curative surgery with postoperative adjuvant treatment in Japan. Our patients depend on blood and platelet donations. Finally, another small study has been reported since the meta-analysis. The rest are often found in powdered forms in health food stores. PSK is reported to enhance natural killer (NK) cell and T-cell activities by upregulation of interleukin-2 or interferon-gamma. Small amounts of galactose, mannose, and arabinose have also been detected in the hydrolysate. Relatively few studies have explored the in vivo effects of G. lucidum in animal models, but those available have shown antitumor activity of triterpenoids in mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma [39] and antitumor effects of polysaccharides in mice bearing S180 cells [40] and Ehrlich ascites cells.[41]. They are plentiful in various parts of the world, including the United States. The best known constituent of turkey tail is the glycoprotein mixture known as PSK. And while turkey tail mushrooms are purported to have numerous health benefits, one that particularly stands out is its reputation for boosting the immune system to fight off cancer. [14] They analyzed data from 349 patients who had undergone adjuvant therapy (after curative resection) between 1995 and 2008; 225 patients received adjuvant chemotherapy with an oral fluoropyrimidine alone, while 124 patients received adjuvant chemotherapy plus PSK 3 g/d. Turkey Tail Mushroom Dosage for Cancer. Tsukagoshi S, Hashimoto Y, Fujii G, et al. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 330 (1): 46-52, 2005. Similar results were observed with additional assays leading the investigators to conclude that lung cancer patient plasma-induced suppression of lymphocyte activation by phytohemagglutinin may be fully or partially antagonized by G. lucidum polysaccharides, making them an attractive adjuvant in cancer treatment. as reference 22 and Torkelson et al. Patients with all stages of gastric cancer were included in the analysis. However, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have not approved the product for this use in the U.S. Colon cancer is common in the U.S. Board members review recently published articles each month to determine whether an article should: Changes to the summaries are made through a consensus process in which Board members evaluate the strength of the evidence in the published articles and determine how the article should be included in the summary. Their overall appearance may resemble that of a turkeys tail. Turkey tail mushroom grows on stumps and the decomposing wood of trees. Carcinogenesis 29 (1): 147-56, 2008. Efficacy of adjuvant immunochemotherapy with polysaccharide K for patients with curative resections of gastric cancer. : Beta-glucan, a "specific" biologic response modifier that uses antibodies to target tumors for cytotoxic recognition by leukocyte complement receptor type 3 (CD11b/CD18). Coriolus versicolor and Ganoderma lucidum related natural products as an adjunct therapy for cancers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Go to Host Defense. information about summary policies and the role of the PDQ Editorial Boards in Why do these multicolored mushrooms seem to hold so much promise? PLoS One 12 (1): e0169042, 2017. Int J Clin Oncol 15 (2): 145-52, 2010. Learn about promising cancer treatments, from immunotherapy to, Depending on the type of cancer you have and the treatment you need, you may be able to manage some aspects of your cancer treatment at home. Stanley G, Harvey K, Slivova V, et al. For 82 MHC expressionnegative patients with lymph node status of pN2 or greater, the RFS rates were 65% for the PSK group and 34% for the chemotherapy-only groupa significant difference with no P value offered. For cancer patients, the usual dose is 3g per day. Sometimes the active ingredient is removed and sold as a supplement. Cancer Immunol Immunother 56 (6): 905-11, 2007. [15-17] GcMAF is a protein thats been used in alternative medicine to treat cancer. Wu GS, Guo JJ, Bao JL, et al. Medicinal mushrooms are not ordinary mushrooms. There is a trend toward improved quality of life shown in the research, but we cant pinpoint the exact reason, says Narayanan. In Japan and China, certain mushrooms are routinely used to complement cancer treatments. possible. [22,31,32] The lipid and protein components of G. lucidum have been less studied but also have demonstrated in vitro cytotoxicity. Guggenheim AG, et al. : The TLR2 agonist in polysaccharide-K is a structurally distinct lipid which acts synergistically with the protein-bound -glucan. : Recombinant Lz-8 from Ganoderma lucidum induces endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated autophagic cell death in SGC-7901 human gastric cancer cells. The team did not conduct the study in humans. Research shows beta glucan, a type of soluble fiber, can be used to treat cancer. Turkey tail is a woody bracket polypore fungus that grows on dead logs worldwide. While theyre generally considered safe, turkey tail mushrooms can occasionally have a few side effects to be aware of, including. : Krestin (PSK). American Herbal Pharmacopoeia, 2000. We avoid using tertiary references. A 2012 study followed up on this call for research. [38] This finding led the investigators to conclude that ganoderenic acid B may have the potential to be developed into a multidrug resistance reversal agent. Sakai T, Yamashita Y, Maekawa T, et al. This combination may help cancer patients on a broader level. ex Fr.) Blood was obtained from 12 lung cancer patients. Int J Oncol 31 (4): 959-67, 2007. Turkey tail may be helpful in keeping a balance of gut bacteria, therefore improving overall health. Oka S, Tanaka S, Yoshida S, et al. The PSP and PSK in turkey tail mushroom might help slow cancer growth and boost the immune system. Qu D, He J, Liu C, et al. At TEDMED, TEDTalks favorite Paul Stamets gave an emotional talk about new medical uses for mushrooms including a variety that, he says, helped treat his mother's cancer. Prostate Cancer: Why More People are Turning to Monitoring Instead of Treatment, digestive upset, such as diarrhea, gas, or bloating. (2019). : Cytotoxic triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum. Is a High MCV (Mean Corpuscular Volume) an Indicator of Cancer? Conclusion Pancreatic Cancer Incidence Pancreatic cancer is the cancer that starts in the pancreas, a gland producing digestive juices and hormones. The patients were treated with chemotherapy or radiation therapy, and other complementary therapies. a weak immune system. Separate studies with the chemotherapy drugs cisplatin for ovarian cancer and docetaxel for pancreatic cancer showed supplementation with PSK increased the drugs' effectiveness 13,14,15. . Turkey Tail Mushroom Beyond Conventional Cancer Therapies J Med Food 8 (2): 159-68, 2005. Food Chem 214: 383-92, 2017. This PDQ cancer information summary for health professionals provides comprehensive, peer-reviewed, evidence-based information about the use of medicinal mushrooms in the treatment of people with cancer. People, A common mushroom can alter gut bacteria and the production of blood sugar, a new study shows. Hsieh TC, Wu JM: Regulation of cell cycle transition and induction of apoptosis in HL-60 leukemia cells by the combination of Coriolus versicolor and Ganoderma lucidum. The OS hazard ratio was 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.790.98; P = .018), indicating improved survival with the addition of PSK, with no significant heterogeneity between the treatment effects observed in the different studies. We avoid using tertiary references. PSK is a proprietary formulation from the Kureha Corporation. For centuries, people have used these mushrooms also known as Trametes versicolor or Coriolus versicolor as a health supplement. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Clinical trials in cancer patients have demonstrated that G. lucidum products are generally well tolerated.[1]. Ikuzawa M, Matsunaga K, Nishiyama S, et al. [4], PSK radiolabeled with carbon C-14 has been used to study the oral bioavailability and distribution of PSK in mice, rats, and rabbits. These investigators had previously noted that a high CD57-positive cell count was an indicator of poor prognosis in patients with advanced gastric cancer, leading them to suggest that PSK may improve overall survival (OS) partly by inhibiting CD57-positive T cells. While more research is needed, an in vitro 2013 study published in 2013 showed promise in using an extract derived from turkey tail mushrooms in treating leukemia. Nakazato H, Koike A, Saji S, et al. Wang JH, Zhou YJ, Zhang M, et al. Proceedings of the 19th Congress of the International Society : A reproducible analytical system based on the multi-component analysis of triterpene acids in Ganoderma lucidum. [14], Many Ganoderma species produce large amounts of oxidized lanostane triterpenes in a complex mixture. PDQ is a registered trademark. After their analyses, the researchers concluded that the extract contributed to increased levels of cancer fighting cells in the immune system. The mycelium of the Trametes versicolor (Turkey tail) mushroom and its fermented substrate each show potent and complementary immune activating properties in vitro. Is there a cure for cancer? There are many other species of Trametes, some of which are difficult to distinguish from turkey tail. One other large study not included in this meta-analysis was a Japanese multicenter comparative trial of adjuvant chemotherapy versus adjuvant chemotherapy and PSK involving 751 patients undergoing curative resection, conducted from 1978 to 1981. (2013) Regulation of cell cycle transition and induction of apoptosis in HL-60 leukemia cells by the combination of Coriolus versicolor and Ganoderma lucidum. The Lyda Hill Cancer Prevention Center provides cancer risk assessment, screening and diagnostic services. In: Baars JJP, Sonnenberg ASM, eds. One study analyzed outcomes from 101 patients at a single institution in Japan who had Dukes B or Dukes C colorectal cancer and were treated with UFT or UFT plus PSK for 24 months after curative surgery. Int J Mol Sci 15 (5): 9103-16, 2014. One review included preclinical studies conducted in Antioxidants are compounds that help inhibit or reduce damage caused by oxidative stress. Everything you need to know about reishi mushrooms. At MD Anderson, patients can request a referral to our Integrative Medicine Center. Liu DL, Li YJ, Yang DH, et al. How is PSK given or taken? As part of our mission to eliminate cancer, MD Anderson researchers conduct hundreds of clinical trials to test new treatments for both common and rare cancers. Phase 1 Clinical Trial of Trametes versicolor in Women with Breast Cancer We encourage you to update any bookmarks or links that connect to the BCCT site. Turkey tail mushrooms are generally considered safe. (2015). Anticancer Res 30 (3): 993-9, 2010. Scientists use genetic rewiring to increase lifespan of cells, Beyond amyloid and tau: New targets in developing dementia treatments, Napping longer than 30 minutes linked to higher risk of obesity and high blood pressure, Activity 'snacks' could lower blood sugar, complication risk in type 1 diabetes, In Conversation: Investigating the power of music for dementia. Again, our immune system is like a labyrinth with 100's of not 1000's of players. Prebiotics are a type of fiber that act as a food source for healthy bacteria in the gut. What are the benefits of lion's mane mushrooms? Cancer Biother Radiopharm 23 (4): 461-7, 2008. Lancet 343 (8906): 1122-6, 1994. for Mushroom Science. Mushrooms have an established history of use in traditional oriental therapies. Turkey tail is one of a variety of mushrooms that have been used for medicinal purposes for centuries in Asia. Several companies distribute medicinal mushrooms as dietary supplements. Some studies have shown that cancer patients who take mushrooms may live longer. Front Pharmacol 3: 85, 2012. Most studies show that the ideal turkey tail mushroom dosage for cancer would be 1-2 grams per day. Interested in learning about other natural treatments for cancer and cancer prevention? Turkey tail mushrooms contain compounds called polysaccharopeptide (PSP) and polysaccharide-K (PSK). What is PSK? But it's. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute. Some of the reference citations in this summary are accompanied by a level-of-evidence designation. Here are 5 immune-boosting benefits of the turkey tail mushroom. 751; 376; 374 Hence, these results contradict the findings from the Korean analysis. My partner's oncologist approved turkey tail mushroom supplements for him. [5], Ganoderma has a very long history in East Asia as a medicinal mushroom dating back to the Chinese materia medica Shen Nung Ben Cao Jing, written between 206 BC and 8 AD. Medicinal mushrooms have been approved adjuncts to standard cancer treatments in Japan and China for more than 30 years and have an extensive clinical history of safe use as single agents or combined with radiation therapy or chemotherapy. There have been some studies done on turkey tail mushrooms for cancer. The FDA has not approved the use of medicinal mushrooms as a treatment for cancer or any other medical condition. Your gift will help make a tremendous difference. Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in men and women. Mushrooms can cause liver or kidney toxicity, says Narayanan. A meta-analysis of randomized, centrally assigned, prospective clinical trials of adjuvant therapy with PSK published between 1980 and 2004 identified three clinical trials that met selection criteria covering 1,094 patients. Oncol Rep 7 (5): 1157-61, 2000 Sep-Oct. Wong CK, Bao YX, Wong EL, et al. Turkey tail has a chewy texture and a strong flavor. Immune modulation from five major mushrooms: Application to integrative oncology. And there are also mushrooms that decrease inflammatory compounds, which is helpful for cancer patients.. Turkey tail mushrooms contain compounds called polysaccharopeptide (PSP) and polysaccharide-K (PSK). 2023 Healthline Media LLC. Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM): Treatment Options for Breast Cancer, What Are DIM Supplements? This summary is written and maintained by the PDQ Integrative, Alternative, and Complementary Therapies Editorial Board, which is In the Chinese Pharmacopeia, the official species are Ganoderma lucidum (Leyss. Hong SG, Jung HS: Phylogenetic analysis of Ganoderma based on nearly complete mitochondrial small-subunit ribosomal DNA sequences. What is the nutritional value of mushrooms? Polysaccharide K (PSK) is the best known active compound in turkey tail mushrooms. Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest cancers and sees some 232,000 new cases and 213,000 deaths reported each year around the world. An increase in peripheral blood NK cells after therapy was observed in the PSK-treated group compared with the control group. Bao PP, Lu W, Cui Y, et al. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 8 (3): 255-87, 2013. Anticancer Res 11 (2): 993-9, 1991 Mar-Apr. Anticancer Res 32 (8): 3427-33, 2012. P. Karst and Ganoderma sinense Zhao, Xu et Zhang. At 5 weeks after adjuvant therapy, T-cell apoptosis was significantly higher in the S-1alone group than in the S-1plus-PSK group, leading the authors to conclude that PSK could partially prevent the T-cell apoptosis induced by S-1.
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