Geetha KM, Leeky M, Narayan TV, Sadhana S, Saleha J. Grading of oral epithelial dysplasia: points to ponder. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. TP53; atypical squamous nodule; keratoacanthoma; p53; squamous cell carcinoma; squamous proliferation. [11] Studies have shown endophytic fungi are able to produce secondary metabolites previously thought to be manufactured by their plant hosts. ( A) Skin punch biopsy of the erythrodermic reaction. [67], An endophytic fungus of the genus Pseudomassaria has been found in the rainforest of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Direct immunofluorescence testing results in cases of premalignant and malignant oral lesions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. A, A typical papillomatous papule with only mild hyperkeratosis. The polyenes isolated from the fungus have properties that are sought in gasoline-surrogate biofuels. A, The papillae are of variable lengths and shapes, covered by irregular well-differentiated squamous epithelium. Parakeratosis is usually more abundant than in condyloma acuminatum.37 The key distinguishing feature is the presence of cytologic atypia in that the keratinocytes in the lower epithelium are enlarged and pleomorphic (Figure 4, B). J Am Acad Dermatol. This compound acts like insulin and has been shown to lower blood glucose levels in mouse model experiments. Would you like email updates of new search results? 2020;14(4):91522. Clin Exp Dermatol. Endophyte - Wikipedia Corbaln-Vlez R, Martnez-Barba E, Lpez-Poveda MJ, Vidal-Abarca Gutirrez I, Ruz-Maci JA, Oviedo-Ramirez I, Martnez-Menchn T. Actas Dermosifiliogr. Current agriculture relies heavily on fungicides and high levels of chemical fertilizers. Head and Neck Pathology An endophyte is an endosymbiont, often a bacterium or fungus, that lives within a plant for at least part of its life cycle without causing apparent disease. Amongst these are relatively rare entities such as bowenoid papulosis, epidermolytic acanthoma, and verruciform xanthoma, which are underrecognized by surgical pathologists. Google Scholar. 2014;170(5):103947. Gonzlez-Moles M, Ruiz-vila I, Gonzlez-Ruiz L, et al. The clinical and pathologic features of all discussed entities are summarized in the Table. Background: Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is highly diverse, even in its early stages. The eruption was 2019;96:12130. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the PubMed Cheng YS, Gould A, Kurago Z, Fantasia J, Muller S. Diagnosis of oral lichen planus: a position paper of the American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology. Keywords: 2017;18(12):32514. Interobserver agreement in dysplasia grading: toward an enhanced gold standard for clinical pathology trials. The papillae contain prominent fibrovascular cores and lack significant hyperkeratosis, imparting a relatively soft appearance. including secondary metabolite-methyl ether of fusarubin have shown antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, and Bacillus megaterium. [17], The presence of certain fungal endophytes in host meristems, leaves and reproductive structures has been shown to dramatically enhance the survival of their hosts. In Search of Nodular Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia: A Distinct Entity or Simply Hyperplastic Polyps Arising in Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia. Indian J Dent Res. Interobserver and intraobserver variability in the histologic assessment of oral lichen planus. Upadhyaya JD, Fitzpatrick SG, Islam MN, Bhattacharyya I, Cohen DM. Endophytic proliferation composed of basaloid and [21], Additionally, various reports on endophyte interactions have shown increased photosynthetic capacities of host plants as well as improved water relations. 2014;36(11):16628. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12105-020-01262-9. Is alveolar ridge keratosis a true leukoplakia? Squamous keratinocytes are more common in this variant compared to basaloid cells. Head Neck Pathol. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Subject: Verruciform and Condyloma-like Squamous Proliferations in the Anogenital Region, (Optional message may have a maximum of 1000 characters.). [72] Increasingly there has been great importance placed on endophytes that protect valuable crops from invasive insects. The first method divides endophytes into two categories: systemic (true) and nonsystemic (transient). Inverted Follicular Keratosis - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics [32], A diazotrophic bacterium isolated in lodgepole pines (Pinus contorta) in British Columbia, Canada, is Paenibacillus polymyxa, which may help its host by fixing nitrogen.[33][34][35][36][37][38]. Most common forms of treatment include LN2, ED/C, topical creams, Excision, and Mohs 2. [32] It has been estimated that there could be approximately 1 million endophytic fungi that exist in the world. Women with multiple squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the legs have a striking clinical phenotype. May P. Chan; Verruciform and Condyloma-like Squamous Proliferations in the Anogenital Region. The many diverse terms used to describe the wide spectrum of changes seen in proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) have resulted in disparate clinical management. The scrotum, groin, and pubis may also be affected.2123 The tumor grows exophytically and endophytically, and the exophytic excrescences are often described as cauliflower-like. Fistula formation between papillae is common. These features should prompt a closer inspection for xanthomatous (foam) cells, which are confined to the dermal papillae (Figure 9, C). 2004;33(2):6570. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. Upadhyaya JD, Fitzpatrick SG, Cohen DM, et al. Class 2 endophytes can grow in plant tissues both above and below ground. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. [7] However, recently it was shown that endophytes are transmitted from one generation to another via seeds, in a process called vertical transmission. 2004;40(4):4403. 2011;69(5):136774. Connolly M, Narayan S, Oxley J, de Berker DA. As mentioned above, controversy exists regarding the relationship between verrucous carcinoma and giant condyloma acuminatum. Head Neck Pathol. Much of the confusion stems from the lack of consistent diagnostic criteria, leading to mixed data with controversial diagnoses reported in the literature. Triple therapy with intralesional 5-fluorouracil, chemowraps, and acitretin: A well-tolerated option for treatment of widespread cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas on the legs. Histopathologically, VV is characterized by marked verruciform acanthosis and hyperkeratosis. All procedures performed in this retrospective data analysis involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional review board, which did not require informed consent. Benign alveolar ridge keratosis: clinical and histopathologic analysis of 167 cases. There was less than moderate agreement (kappa<0.60) for lesions in the Bulky hyperkeratotic epithelial proliferation, not reactive category. van der Waal I. Solitary epidermolytic acanthoma: a clinical and histopathological study, Inherited nonsyndromic ichthyoses: an update on pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment, Histopathologic varieties of epidermal nevus: a study of 160 cases, Linear epidermolytic verrucous epidermal nevus of the male genitalia, Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis associated with melanocytic nevi: a report of 53 cases, Incidental cutaneous reaction patterns: epidermolytic hyperkeratosis, acantholytic dyskeratosis, and hailey-hailey-like acantholysis: a potential marker of premalignant skin change, Case of isolated epidermolytic acanthoma: Genetic and immunohistochemical analysis, Epidermolytic acanthoma of the genitalia does not show mutations in KRT1 or KRT10, Epidermolytic acanthomas: clinical characteristics and immunohistochemical features, Vegas (verruciform genital-associated) xanthoma: a comprehensive literature review, Vulvar verruciform xanthoma: ten cases associated with lichen sclerosus, lichen planus, or other conditions, Verruciform xanthoma of the penis: a rare benign lesion that simulates carcinoma, Verruciform xanthoma in an immunocompromised patient: a case report and immunohistochemical study, Characterization of verruciform xanthoma by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry, Cutaneous verruciform xanthoma: a report of five cases investigating the etiology and nature of xanthomatous cells, Verruciform xanthoma in the setting of cutaneous trauma and chronic inflammation: report of a patient and a brief review of the literature, Verruciform xanthoma: a clinical, light microscopic, and electron microscopic study of two cases, Kristine M. Cornejo, MD, Lloyd Hutchinson, PhD, Patrick O'Donnell, DO, Xiuling Meng, MD, Keith Tomaszewicz, BS, MT(ASCP), Sara C. Shalin, MD, PhD, David S. Cassarino, MD, May P. Chan, MD, Timothy R. Quinn, MD, Paul B. Googe, MD, Rosalynn M. Nazarian, MD, Ridhi Sood, MBBS, MD, Debajyoti Chatterjee, MBBS, MD, DM, Pinaki Dutta, MBBS, MD, DM, Bishan Dass Radotra, MBBS, MD, MAMS, PhD, Gurpal Bisra, MMOR, MSc, BASc, Brigette Rabel, MLT, Nick van der Westhuizen, MB, FRCPC, Jing Wang, MD, PhD, Yan Peng, MD, PhD, Hongxia Sun, MD, PhD, Phyu P. Aung, MD, PhD, Erika Resetkova, MD, PhD, Clinton Yam, MD, MS, Aysegul A. Sahin, MD, Lei Huo, MD, PhD, Qingqing Ding, MD, PhD, Abha Goyal, MD, Christine N. Booth, MD, Rhona J. Souers, MS, Sana O. Tabbara, MD, Janie Roberson, SCT(ASCP), Michael R. Henry, MD, Kaitlin E. Sundling, MD, PhD, Kelly Goodrich, CT(ASCP), Lananh Nguyen, MD, Mohammed Amer Swid, MD, Liping Li, MD, Erin M. Drahnak, BS, Hayden Idom, BS, William Quinones, MD, Jianhong Li, MD, Myra L. Wilkerson, MD, Fang-Ming Deng, MD, Haiyan Liu, MD, Adesola A. Akinyemi, MD, MPH, Ansa Mehreen, MD, Kathy A. Mangold, PhD, MaryAnn Regner, MS, John M. Lee, MD, PhD, Linda M. Ernst, MD, MHS, Si Chen, MMed, Zhigang Mao, MMed, Shuang Wang, MMed, Jiamin Deng, MMed, Hongyan Liao, PhD, Qin Zheng, PhD, Monica Sanchez-Avila, MD, Khalid Amin, MD, Aastha Chauhan, MD, Zhuo Geng, MD, Shawn Mallery, MD, Dale C. Snover, MD, This site uses cookies. London: Wiley; 1981. [57][58] Endophyte bioprospecting has already yielded compounds with antibacterial,[59][60] antifungal,[61] antiviral,[61] antiparasitic,[62] cytotoxic,[59][63] neuroprotective,[62] antioxidant,[62] insulin-mimetic,[62] -glucosidase inhibitory,[61] and immunosuppressant[62] properties. There was a belief that plants were healthy under sterile conditions and it was not until 1887 that Victor Galippe discovered bacteria normally occurring inside plant tissues. 2015;120(4):47482. It is hypothesized that the inciting event (trauma or other cutaneous disorder) causes keratinocytic degeneration and release of cellular lipids and chemokines, which then lead to a foam cell response, chemotaxis of neutrophils, and stimulation of epidermal proliferation.93,95 The absence of cytologic atypia or koilocytosis in verruciform xanthoma speaks against condyloma acuminatum, and the presence of xanthomatous cells excludes verrucous carcinoma. Lichenoid characteristics in premalignant verrucous lesions and verrucous carcinoma of the oral cavity. Biopsy of a lesion in the right proximal pretibial region demonstrated an atypical endophytic squamous proliferation, consistent with SCC. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol. Learn More Atypical Squamous Proliferation: What Lies Beneath? 2019;13(3):42339. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). J Int Acad Periodontol. Compared to the spiky papillae in verruca vulgaris (VV), the papillae in condyloma acuminatum have more rounded and undulating contours, with less robust hyperkeratosis (Figure 1, A). Approximately 40% of warts in the genital area of young girls are VV (positive for HPV 2) while the rest are condylomas (positive for HPV 6 or 11).70 The clinical morphologies of VV and condyloma acuminatum are similar in that both are exophytic and verrucous papules, but VV tends to be more hyperkeratotic than condyloma acuminatum. Of these subtypes, the endophytic tumours have the worst prognosis because of their invasiveness and higher frequency of Gillenwater AM, Vigneswaran N, Fatani H, Saintigny P, El-Naggar AK. A lymphocytic band is present at the tumor base. Bulky squamous epithelial proliferation with an exophytic and/or endophytic growth pattern (the former often associated with corrugated/verrucous/papillary architecture). Why oral histopathology suffers inter-observer variability on grading oral epithelial dysplasia: an attempt to understand the sources of variation. In-situ means the skin cancer it is an early forming skin cancer and is limited to the upper layers of the skin. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod. [13][14] Some fungal and bacterial endophytes have proven to increase plant growth and improve overall plant hardiness. 1999;28(6):2747. 1. Oral carcinoma cuniculatum: an unacquainted entity with While some authors believe that the 2 are either identical or closely related on a continuous spectrum, accumulating evidence suggests that these are distinct entities. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.13363. ( C) The endophytic squamous proliferation shows no cytologic atypia. WebHistologically, it is characterized by stratified squamous epithelium with few atypical cells. D, There is strong and diffuse p16 immunostaining within the lesion (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 20 [A], 200 [B], 40 [C], and 200 [C, inset]; original magnification 100 [D]). Cancer. Silverman S Jr, Gorsky M. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia: a follow-up study of 54 cases. The epithelium in condyloma acuminatum is acanthotic with variable degree of papillomatosis. 2012;17(6):e93542. Head Neck Pathol. Verruciform xanthoma. B, Higher magnification reveals features of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis: cytoplasmic vacuolation, coarse keratohyalin granules, and perinuclear eosinophilic inclusions in the spinous and granular layers (hematoxylin-eosin, original magnifications 40 [A] and 400 [B]). [16] Endophytic fungal hyphae appear to grow at the same rate as their host leaves, within the intercellular spaces of the plant tissue. 2007;43(3):22431. Am J Dermatopathol. Extraoral lesions are rare and usually arise on the vulva, penis, scrotum, and extremities.88 Most patients present with a solitary lesion, although coexistence of multiple lesions can occur. Similar lesions frequently harbor human papillomavirus and should at least raise suspicion for a seborrheic keratosis-like condyloma acuminatum. A review of the literature on condyloma acuminatum (ordinary and giant types), verrucous carcinoma, warty/warty-basaloid high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and squamous cell carcinoma, papillary squamous cell carcinoma, bowenoid papulosis, verruca vulgaris, epidermolytic acanthoma, and verruciform xanthoma was performed. The papules have a median diameter of 0.7 cm according to one study and may be flat-topped or slightly verruciform, commonly mistaken for condyloma acuminatum on clinical examination.5254 Most patients are young adults in the third and fourth decades of life.53,54 Similar to HSIL, bowenoid papulosis is associated with high-risk HPV, particularly HPV 16.53,55 However, as progression to invasive SCC is exceptional, treatment options often include simple excision as well as local destructive modalities such as imiquimod and photodynamic therapy, although recurrence is common.53,5660 A small percentage of cases may regress spontaneously.53 A DNA ploidy study showed an intermediate malignancy grade between that of Bowen disease and SK, suggesting it to be a low-grade SCC in situ.61 Patients with bowenoid papulosis are at increased risk of developing external anogenital SCC and cervical neoplasia, and therefore warrant clinical surveillance on a regular basis.62,63, The histopathologic features of bowenoid papulosis overlap significantly with those of basaloid HSIL (Bowen disease).52 The lesions are acanthotic and may appear psoriasiform or slightly verruciform (Figure 6, A). Microscopically, the lesion showed proliferation of the well-differentiated stratified squamous epithelium, forming endophytic complex branching networks interconnected with multiple deep keratin-filled clefts and crypts. [5], Most endophyte-plant relationships are still not well understood. [24] However, unique to this experiment was the mode by which this was thought to happen. The upper keratinocytes acquire a moderate to abundant amount of cytoplasm as they mature toward the surface,45,46 where koilocytosis is readily appreciated (Figure 4, B). Class 1 endophytes are mainly transmitted from host to host by vertical transmission, in which maternal plants pass fungi on to their offspring through seeds. Correspondence to This is in contrast with the negative or patchy staining in condyloma acuminatum and differentiated squamous lesions.33,4650 Ki-67 proliferation index is typically high, with staining observed at all levels of the epithelium.49,50 Unlike differentiated squamous lesions, p53 staining in warty, basaloid, and warty-basaloid squamous neoplasms is either negative or patchy.46,49. Occasionally, keratinizing SCC may occur.37,38, As a surrogate marker for high-risk HPV infection, p16 immunohistochemical stain serves as a helpful tool to distinguish warty, basaloid, and warty-basaloid squamous neoplasms from condyloma acuminatum and HPV-independent (differentiated) squamous neoplasms. Class 1 endophytes typically confer benefits on their plant host such as improving plant biomass, increasing drought tolerance and increasing the production of chemicals that are toxic and unappetizing to animals, thereby decreasing herbivory. Non-clavicipitaceous endophytes are typically Ascomycota fungi. Ancillary tools available for identifying and genotyping human papillomavirus can aid in diagnosis when histopathologic findings are inconclusive. Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia and its progression to oral carcinoma: a review of the literature. Thompson, L.D.R., Fitzpatrick, S.G., Mller, S. et al. Architectural Alterations in Oral Epithelial HPV-independent (differentiated) squamous neoplasms seldom cause diagnostic confusion with condyloma acuminatum, with the exception of papillary SCC. Oral mucosal lesions associated with smokers and chewersa casecontrol study in chennai population.
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