View abstract. Burns. Clin Endocrinol. View abstract. View abstract. View abstract. S.Afr.Med J 11-17-1976;50(49):1984-1986. Price. View abstract. View abstract. View abstract. But it's unclear how it compares to other options, such as chlorhexidine, for preventing infections. Hinyokika Kiyo 1992;38(12):1383-1386. Alvarez, J. Perez-Fontan, M., Rosales, M., Rodriguez-Carmona, A., Moncalian, J., Fernandez-Rivera, C., Cao, M., and Valdes, F. Treatment of Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriers in CAPD with mupirocin. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2017;5(11):853-63. View abstract. Ophthalmic Nursing 1997;1(2):12-17. 2013 Mar-Apr;19(2):268-74. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1982;3(1):55-63. Br J Ophthalmol. Zhong Guo Di Fang Bing Xue Za Zhi (Chinese) 1991;10(Suppl):13-16. 1990;9(1):65-71. Gupta, C., Czubatyj, A. M., Briski, L. E., and Malani, A. K. Comparison of two alcohol-based surgical scrub solutions with an iodine-based scrub brush for presurgical antiseptic effectiveness in a community hospital. View abstract. A., Grotkowski, C. E., Connolly, C. P., and Ghent, W. R. Different tissue responses for iodine and iodide in rat thyroid and mammary glands. Ann Trop.Paediatr. J Dermatol 2004;31:492-6. Stokes, E. J., Howard, E., Peters, J. L., Hackworthy, C. A., Milne, S. E., and Witherow, R. O. View abstract. Am J Infect.Control 2007;35(9):585-588. Surg Gynecol.Obstet 1979;148(2):227-231. Vaginal preparation with povidone-iodine before abdominal hysterectomy. View abstract. J Periodontal Res 2010;45(2):153-164. View abstract. Acta Chir Scand Suppl 1988;544:57-59. High long term recurrence rate after subtotal thyroidectomy for nodular goitre. 6-15-1980;137(4):432-438. Perit.Dial.Int 1990;10(1):25-29. van den Briel, T., West, C. E., Bleichrodt, N., van de Vijver, F. J., Ategbo, E. A., and Hautvast, J. G. Improved iodine status is associated with improved mental performance of schoolchildren in Benin. View abstract. View abstract. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. View abstract. View abstract. Iodine is an essential part of the thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) made by your thyroid gland. Cordtz, T., Schouenborg, L., Laursen, K., Daugaard, H. O., Buur, K., Munk, Christensen B., Sederberg-Olsen, J., Lindhard, A., Baldur, B., Engdahl, E., and . 2001;9(2):116-122. J Am Podiatr.Med Assoc. Cremieux, A., Reverdy, M. E., Pons, J. L., Savage, C., Chevalier, J., Fleurette, J., and Mosse, M. Standardized method for evaluation of hand disinfection by surgical scrub formulations. Aksoy, A., Caglayan, F., Cakmak, M., Apan, T. Z., Gocmen, J. S., Cakmak, A., Somuncu, S., and Akman, H. An investigation of the factors that affect surgical hand disinfection with polyvidone iodine. Nephrol.Dial.Transplant. World Health Organization. Congenital hypothyroidism caused by excess prenatal maternal iodine ingestion. Burke, B. E., Baillie, J. E., and Olson, R. D. Essential oil of Australian lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora) in the treatment of molluscum contagiosum in children. View abstract. View abstract. Vogt, P. M., Reimer, K., Hauser, J., Rossbach, O., Steinau, H. U., Bosse, B., Muller, S., Schmidt, T., and Fleischer, W. PVP-iodine in hydrosomes and hydrogel--a novel concept in wound therapy leads to enhanced epithelialization and reduced loss of skin grafts. Zhong Guo Di Fang Bing Xue Za Zhi (Chinese) 1991;10(Suppl: Symposium of the Fourth Chinese IDD)):129-132. WebInadine wound dressings speed healing, reduce patient discomfort and cuts costs by almost 40%. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2002. Art, G. Comparison of the safety and efficacy of two topical antiseptic products: chlorhexidine gluconate + isopropyl alcohol and povidone-iodine + isopropyl alcohol. View abstract. Grant, S., Kerr, D., Wallis, M., and Pitchford, D. Comparison of povidone-iodine solution and soft white paraffin ointment in the management of skeletal pin-sites: a pilot study. Bohles, H., Aschenbrenner, M., Roth, M., von, Loewenich, V, Ball, F., and Usadel, K. H. Development of thyroid gland volume during the first 3 months of life in breast-fed versus iodine-supplemented and iodine-free formula-fed infants. 2011 Jun;21(6):593-646. 1986;46(2):102-104. Sindelar, W. F., Brower, S. T., Merkel, A. Kidney Int 1991;40(5):934-938. A., Itani, K., and Norden, C. Treating foot infections in diabetic patients: a randomized, multicenter, open-label trial of linezolid versus ampicillin-sulbactam/amoxicillin-clavulanate. View abstract. Spafford, P. S., Sinkin, R. A., Cox, C., Reubens, L., and Powell, K. R. Prevention of central venous catheter-related coagulase-negative staphylococcal sepsis in neonates. Segal, C. G. and Anderson, J. J. Preoperative skin preparation of cardiac patients. View abstract. Strippoli, G. F., Tong, A., Johnson, D., Schena, F. P., and Craig, J. C. Antimicrobial agents for preventing peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients. Applying povidone-iodine where a, Growth and development in premature infants. In: Programs and Abstracts of the 26th Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 28 September-1 October 1986, New Orleans, Louisiana. Stubner, D., Gartner, R., Greil, W., Gropper, K., Brabant, G., Permanetter, W., Horn, K., and Pickardt, C. R. Hypertrophy and hyperplasia during goitre growth and involution in rats--separate bioeffects of TSH and iodine. J Pediatr 1994;125(2):259-263. Pharmacist's Letter/Prescriber's Letter 2011; 27(5):270504. Chirurg 1993;64(5):400-405. View abstract. View abstract. 1998;19(11):842-845. J Hosp.Infect. View abstract. Br J Ophthalmol. Anaesth.Intensive Care 2001;29(6):600-603. Zakut, H., Lotan, M., and Bracha, Y. Kellerman, S., Shay, D. K., Howard, J., Goes, C., Feusner, J., Rosenberg, J., Vugia, D. J., and Jarvis, W. R. Bloodstream infections in home infusion patients: the influence of race and needleless intravascular access devices. J Am Acad Dermatol. View abstract. Acta Therapeutica 1986;12:141-147. Clin Trials J 1990;27(4):283-290. Endocrinol.Metab Clin North Am 2002;31(3):681-698. OTHER NAME(S): Atomic number 53, Cadexomer Iodine, Diatomic Iodin. View abstract. View abstract. World J Surg 1982;6(4):391-396. Dev.Med Child Neurol. View abstract. Public Health Nutr 1999;2(2):173-178. A., Pecoraro, R. E., Larson, S. A., Hanley, M. E., and Ahroni, J. H. Outpatient management of uncomplicated lower-extremity infections in diabetic patients. View abstract. Faoagali, J., Fong, J., George, N., Mahoney, P., and O'Rourke, V. Comparison of the immediate, residual, and cumulative antibacterial effects of Novaderm R,* Novascrub R,* Betadine Surgical Scrub, Hibiclens, and liquid soap. A., and Spearing, R. L. Reduction of exit-site infections of tunnelled intravascular catheters among neutropenic patients by sustained-release chlorhexidine dressings: results from a prospective randomized controlled trial. View abstract. Am Surg 1991;57(10):618-623. In children, the RDA depends on age. J Hosp.Infect. and i.p. Zimmermann, M. B., Connolly, K., Bozo, M., Bridson, J., Rohner, F., and Grimci, L. Iodine supplementation improves cognition in iodine-deficient schoolchildren in Albania: a randomized, controlled, double-blind study. Kamaliah, M. D., Azril, H. Y., and Zaki, M. S. Role of topical mupirocin ointment as a prophylaxis in catheter related infection in haemodialysis patients. 2010 Jan 20;(1):CD003557. Dermatology 2006;212 Suppl 1:53-57. A., and Eitzen, H. E. A clinical evaluation of chlorhexidine gluconate spray as compared with iodophor scrub for preoperative skin preparation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017;3:CD011761. View abstract. 2008;56(5):354-359. Segura, M., Alvarez-Lerma, F., Tellado, J. M., Jimenez-Ferreres, J., Oms, L., Rello, J., Baro, T., Sanchez, R., Morera, A., Mariscal, D., Marrugat, J., and Sitges-Serra, A. Dong, H. T., Dang, F. Z., Tan, Z. J., Jia, G. Q., Zu, H. F., and Lui, R. H. [Iodine deficiency influence on children mental development in IDD areas]. View abstract. View abstract. Bilateral retinal toxicity as a result of poisoning with pure iodine. Dermatology 2006;212 Suppl 1:82-87. JAMA 2-27-1981;245(8):839-841. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Obstet Gynecol. INADINE is used for the management of ulcerative wounds and Prophylaxis of gonococcal and chlamydial ophthalmia neonatorum. Walsh V, Brown JVE, McGuire W. Iodine supplementation for the prevention of mortality and adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants. Ormerod, A. D., White, M. I., Shah, S. A., and Benjamin, N. Molluscum contagiosum effectively treated with a topical acidified nitrite, nitric oxide liberating cream. 2000;46(8):28-32, 34. 1995;283(2):215-223. Hamby T, Kunnel N, Dallas JS, Wilson DP. 1993;143(7-8):201-203. Complications in Surgery 1995;14(6):724, 741-744-747. It is particularly important in women who are pregnant as it is needed to ensure the development of a baby's brain during pregnancy and early life. Zhong Gou Di Fang Bing Zhi Za Zhi (Chinese) 1991;6(Suppl):66-67. A double-blind placebo-controlled study. 2006;55(5):289-296. View abstract. Case report. Diabetologia 2003;46(1):27-30. View abstract. J Evid.Based.Dent.Pract 2010;10(4):230-231. 7-7-1981;70(28):1273-1278. WebNo interactions were found between iodine and levothyroxine. View abstract. Applying more than one layer may block exudate from going up to the cover dressing causing periwound maceration. View abstract. Iodine is an element that plays an essential role in the functioning of a healthy thyroid. Sporotrichosis in Amritsar--a case report. View abstract. View abstract. View abstract. J Surg Res 2000;94(1):6-12. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2011;54:459-70. View abstract. View abstract. View abstract. Chest 2005;128(2):489-495. View abstract. WebA Cochrane systematic review regarding the prevention of catheter-related infections in newborn infants with central venous catheters identified a single study reporting contact dermatitis as adverse effect: infants who received chlorhexidine dressing/alcohol cleansing were significantly more likely to develop contact dermatitis compared to Ann R.Coll.Surg Engl. Surgery 2000;127(1):99-103. Eur J Endocrinol. Humar, A., Ostromecki, A., Direnfeld, J., Marshall, J. C., Lazar, N., Houston, P. C., Boiteau, P., and Conly, J. M. Prospective randomized trial of 10% povidone-iodine versus 0.5% tincture of chlorhexidine as cutaneous antisepsis for prevention of central venous catheter infection. View abstract. Br J Dermatol. Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Gebreegziabher T, Woltamo T, Thomas DG, Kennedy TS, Stoecker BJ. Kappstein, I., Schulgen, G., Waninger, J., and Daschner, F. [Microbiological and economic studies of abbreviated procedures for surgical hand disinfection]. Qian, M., Wang, D., and Chen, Z. WebInadine dressings should not be used where there is a known iodine hypersensitivity; before and after the use of radio-iodine (until permanent healing); Must be used under Jurczak, F., Dugre, T., Johnstone, A., Offori, T., Vujovic, Z., and Hollander, D. Randomised clinical trial of Hydrofiber dressing with silver versus povidone-iodine gauze in the management of open surgical and traumatic wounds. Dermatology 1997;195 Suppl 2:53-56. 2021;147(4):400-401. 1998;40(Suppl A):8.1.8. (Oxf) 1994;40(3):323-327. O'Meara S, Al-Kurdi D, Ologun Y, Ovington LG. View abstract. Chen, Z. P., Liu, X. L., Liu, X. Y., Wang, D., Pei, K. F., and Zou, L. Y. SECTION 4: First Aid Measures 4.1 Description of first aid measures EYE CONTACT: Rinse eye with plenty of water. Mimoz, O., Karim, A., Mercat, A., Cosseron, M., Falissard, B., Parker, F., Richard, C., Samii, K., and Nordmann, P. Chlorhexidine compared with povidone-iodine as skin preparation before blood culture. Tianjin Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao (Chinese) 1984;8(3):4-7. View abstract. Haeri, A. D., Kloppers, L. L., Forder, A. J Hosp.Infect. View abstract. View abstract. J Pharm Sci. 1990;29(6):443-445. Ann Saudi.Med 2004;24(1):13-17. Am J Med 10-19-1984;77(4C):63-67. Roeckner JT, Sanchez-Ramos L, Mitta M, Kovacs A, Kaunitz AM. McDonald, L. C., Banerjee, S. N., and Jarvis, W. R. Line-associated bloodstream infections in pediatric intensive-care-unit patients associated with a needleless device and intermittent intravenous therapy. Ellenhorn, J. D., Smith, D. D., Schwarz, R. E., Kawachi, M. H., Wilson, T. G., McGonigle, K. F., Wagman, L. D., and Paz, I. Mycoses 1990;33:231-40. Maki, D. G., Stolz, S. S., Wheeler, S., and Mermel, L. A. View abstract. Clar, C., Wu, T., Liu, G., and Li, P. Iodized salt for iodine deficiency disorders. View abstract. Int J Oral Maxillofac.Surg 2006;35(8):765-766. A., Watts, J. M., McDonald, P. J., and Finlay-Jones, J. J. 2009;92(7):898-902. Arch Surg 1985;120(12):1357-1361. J Hosp.Infect. A clinical trial on the prevention of catheter-related sepsis using a new hub model. Vasa 1991;20(4):388-393. Crit Care Med 1994;22(11):1729-1737. View abstract. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1996;15:352-4. This information may not fit your specific health circumstances. View abstract. Eskin, B. Ostrander, R. V., Botte, M. J., and Brage, M. E. Efficacy of surgical preparation solutions in foot and ankle surgery. View abstract. We rely on donations to fund our work providing information and support to help people in the UK live better with thyroid disease. Arch Intern Med 10-22-2007;167(19):2066-2072. Zhong Guo Di Fang Bing Xue Za Zhi 1988;5(7):266-269. Zuo, S. M., Zhu, C. K., Ke, J. J., Zhou, Y. F., and Sun, H. Q. Ann Plast.Surg 2002;49(1):55-61. View abstract. Zentralbl.Bakteriol. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2009;91(8):1949-1953. View abstract. Ann Pediatr (Paris) 1991;38(9):637-641. Hammel JA, Selby JC. Wu, T., Liu, G., and Li, P. [Systematic review of randomised controlled trial of iodised salt for preventing iodine deficiency disorders]. J Pediatr. Quality control in chronic wound management: the role of local povidone-iodine (Betadine) therapy. Br J Surg 2011;98(3):461. 3 Campbell N., Campbell D., et al. [Study of Endemic Sub-clinical of Children Aged 7-10 in IDD Area of Xiangxibei]. View abstract. View abstract. J Intraven.Nurs. Applying iodine in the form of povidone-iodine before or during surgery reduces the risk of infections. Galle, P. C. and Homesley, H. D. Ineffectiveness of povidone-iodine irrigation of abdominal incisions. The effect of surgical handwashing routines on the microbial counts of operating room nurses. Am J Clin Nutr 2000;72(5):1179-1185. View abstract. View abstract. Crit Care Med 1997;25(8):1417-1424. J Med Assoc.Thai. View abstract. View abstract. J Clin Endocrinol.Metab 1994;79(1):20-24. 2004;12(1):11-17. A randomized trial of cadexomer iodine versus standard dressings. WebInadine is presented in a peel pouch, sterilised by gamma irradiation. Inadine is a 10% povidone iodine dressing with the equivalent of 1% available iodine that is easily extracted from the viscose backing by serum or exudate. Am J Kidney Dis 1997;29(5):763-768. Scrimshaw, N. S., Cabezas, A., Castillo, F., and Mendez, J. Am J Infect.Control 2010;38(10):822-825. Pelletier, J. S., Stewart, K., Trattler, W., Ritterband, D. C., Braverman, S., Samson, C. M., Liang, B., and Capriotti, J. Med J Aust. View abstract. WebInadine Dressing is designed to protect wounds even when they are infected, providing long-lasting antimicrobial effect against bacteria, myocobacteria, fungi, Pereira, L. J., Lee, G. M., and Wade, K. J. Evaluation of chlorhexidine and silver-sulfadiazine impregnated central venous catheters for the prevention of bloodstream infection in leukaemic patients: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1-20-1999;281(3):261-267. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Fu, L. X., Zeng, Q. 2002;17(10):1802-1807. It is used for the production of thyroid hormones. 2019;14(10):e0223348. 1975;1(1):117-120. View abstract. Todd, C. H. and Dunn, J. T. Intermittent oral administration of potassium iodide solution for the correction of iodine deficiency. 2005;105(5 Pt 1):1024-1029. View abstract. Ramirez-Ortiz, M. A., Rodriguez-Almaraz, M., Ochoa-Diazlopez, H., Diaz-Prieto, P., and Rodriguez-Suarez, R. S. Randomised equivalency trial comparing 2.5% povidone-iodine eye drops and ophthalmic chloramphenicol for preventing neonatal conjunctivitis in a trachoma endemic area in southern Mexico. View abstract. Pharmacist's Letter/Prescriber's Letter. View abstract. Interim analysis of a prospective, randomized trial of vacuum-assisted closure versus the healthpoint system in the management of pressure ulcers. View abstract. Apply appropriate cover dressing to maintain a moisture- balanced wound environment. Alexander, J. W., Aerni, S., and Plettner, J. P. Development of a safe and effective one-minute preoperative skin preparation. World J Surg 1997;21(1):10-14. A randomized trial that compared povidone iodine and chlorhexidine as antiseptics for vaginal hysterectomy. Sheehan, G., Leicht, K., O'Brien, M., Taylor, G., and Rennie, R. Chlorhexidine versus povidone-iodine as cutaneous antisepsis for prevention of vascular-catheter infection [Abstract]. 2004;111(7):695-699. 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC, an Internet Brands company. Sherlock, D. J., Ward, A., and Holl-Allen, R. T. Combined preoperative antibiotic therapy and intraoperative topical povidone-iodine. The dressing 2016 Medicalhelplines.com Inc and John Wiley & Sons Ltd. View abstract. View abstract. View abstract. Obstet Gynecol. Xie, Z. H., Yuan, J. Lancet 9-20-1997;350(9081):855-859. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. Dermatology 1997;195(Suppl 2):57-61. Namura, S., Nishijima, S., McGinley, K. J., and Leyden, J. J. View abstract. Lips, D. J., Koebrugge, B., van, de, V, and Bosscha, K. Surgeons and selection of adjuvant therapy for node-negative colonic cancer (Br J Surg 2010; 97: 1459-1460). Hoption Cann, S. A., Qiu, Z., and van, Netten C. A prospective study of iodine status, thyroid function, and prostate cancer risk: follow-up of the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Moss, C., Taylor, A. E., and Shuster, S. Comparison of cadexomer iodine and dextranomer for chronic venous ulcers. View abstract. WebHow INADINE* dressing works INADINE* dressing is a topical wound dressing impregnated with an ointment containing 10% povidone iodine (PVP-I). Arora U, Aggarwal A, Arora RK. Shinogi T, Misago N, Narisawa Y. Cutaneous sporotrichosis with refractory and reinfectious lesions in a healthy female. Legras, A., Cattier, B., Dequin, P. F., Boulain, T., and Perrotin, D. Etude prospective randomisee pour la prevention des infections liees aux catheters: chlorhexidine alcoolique contre polyvidone iodee. 2-15-1979;133(4):374-378. View abstract. 1996;37(2):315-322. A prospective trial of povodone iodine solution in the prevention of wound sepsis. Am J Med 1981;70(3):739-744. View abstract. 1998;19(6):401-406. WebInadine Dressing consists of a low adherent knitted viscose fabric impregnated with a polyethylene glycol (PEG) base containing 10% Povidone Iodine; equivalent to 1.0% available iodine. Capen, C. C. Mechanisms of chemical injury of thyroid gland. 2004;25(8):668-674. Adv Perit.Dial. Zhonghua Liu Xing.Bing.Xue.Za Zhi. View abstract. Br J Surg 2010;97(11):1614-1620. J Podiatry 2003;6:96-99. Golkowski, F., Szybinski, Z., Rachtan, J., Sokolowski, A., Buziak-Bereza, M., Trofimiuk, M., Hubalewska-Dydejczyk, A., Przybylik-Mazurek, E., and Huszno, B. Iodine prophylaxis--the protective factor against stomach cancer in iodine deficient areas. WebThere was, however, no difference between the three dressings in terms of percentage healed by 24 weeks, or in the mean time to healing, whether analysed on the basis of intention to treat (Inadine 44.4%, N-A 38.7%, Aquacel 44.7%; not significant) or per protocol (Inadine 55.2%, N-A 59.4%, Aquacel 63.0%; not significant). Ophthalmology 2002;109(1):13-24. Systematic review and cost analysis comparing use of chlorhexidine with use of iodine for preoperative skin antisepsis to prevent surgical site infection. Marchina, M. D. and Renzi, G. A new antiseptic preparation used for the disinfection of cutaneous distrophic ulcers (in Italian). Veiga, D. F., Damasceno, C. A., Veiga-Filho, J., Figueiras, R. G., Vieira, R. B., Florenzano, F. H., Juliano, Y., and Ferreira, L. M. Povidone iodine versus chlorhexidine in skin antisepsis before elective plastic surgery procedures: a randomized controlled trial. Isenberg, S. J., Apt, L., and Wood, M. A controlled trial of povidone-iodine as prophylaxis against ophthalmia neonatorum. 5 Taking high doses of iodine with anti-thyroid medications can have an additive effect and could cause hypothyroidism. View abstract. Washington, DC: American Soc for Microbiology. 2021;184(1):91-106. Ann Intern Med 12-7-1999;131(11):834-837. Morias, J., Peremans, W., Campaert, H., and Mertens, R. L. Levamisole treatment in ulcus cruris. Simratvir, M., Singh, N., Chopra, S., and Thomas, A. M. Efficacy of 10% Povidone Iodine in children affected with early childhood caries: an in vivo study. 1997;36(3):181-189. Am J Clin Nutr. WebA randomised controlled trial of 3 commercially available dressings (Inadine() (Johnson & Johnson, NJ, USA), Acticoat() (Smith & Nephew, Hull, UK), Activon Tulle (Advancis Medical, Nottingham, UK)) was conducted in a rabbit model of contaminated forelimb muscle injury. Effect of rinsing with povidone-iodine on bacteraemia due to scaling: a randomized-controlled trial. 2009;29(2):118-21, 131. Hoffmann, K. K., Weber, D. J., Samsa, G. P., and Rutala, W. A. Transparent polyurethane film as an intravenous catheter dressing. Connelly KJ, Boston BA, Pearce EN, Sesser D, Snyder D, Braverman LE, Pino S, LaFranchi SH. Markevich, Y., McLeod-Roberts, J., Mousley, M., and Melloy, E. Maggot therapy for diabetic neuropathic foot wounds. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. International Medical Journal 2004;11(1):41-46. 2008;42(1):193-201. Gilmore, O. J. and Martin, T. D. Aetiology and prevention of wound infection in appendicetomy. Tiwari, B. D., Godbole, M. M., Chattopadhyay, N., Mandal, A., and Mithal, A. The Piperacillin/Tazobactam Skin and Skin Structure Study Group. Burns. (Copenh) 1988;117(3):333-338. An attachable silver-impregnated cuff for prevention of infection with central venous catheters: a prospective randomized multicenter trial. WebDescription: Inadine Dressings may be used as a wound contact layer for the management of ulcerative wounds and may also be used for the prevention of infection in minor burns and minor traumatic skin loss injuries.
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